Case Summary
| Citation | Union of India v. Filip Tiago De Gama of Vedem Vasco De Gama (1990) 1 SCC 277 |
| Keywords | golden rule of interpretation, land acquisition act, 1984 |
| Facts | The dispute arose from land acquisition proceedings initiated by the Union of India in Goa, then a Union Territory, under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894. These proceedings commenced in 1967, well before the enactment of the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1984. The central legal question concerned the extent to which the amendments introduced by the 1984 Act, particularly the provisions for enhanced solatium under Section 23(2) and additional compensation under Section 23(1A), would apply to acquisitions that had already been initiated but not finalized before the amendment’s effective date. Specifically, the court had to determine whether the landowners, despite the commencement of acquisition proceedings prior to the 1984 amendment, were entitled to the benefits of the newly enhanced compensation provisions when the final award was made after the amendment came into force. This determination was crucial in calculating the just compensation due to Filip Tiago De Gama of Vedem Vasco De Gama, the landowner, whose property was subject to acquisition. |
| Issues | Whether the enhanced solatium under Section 23(2) of the amended Land Acquisition Act, 1984, applied to awards made after September 24, 1984, even if the land acquisition process had commenced before that date? Whether the applicability of section 23(1A) of the Land Acquisition Act,1984, which provides for an additional amount of compensation, in acquisition proceedings? |
| Contentions | |
| Law Points | In its determination, the Supreme Court clarified the temporal applicability of the enhanced solatium under Section 23(2) of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, as amended by the 1984 Act. The Court affirmed that the enhanced solatium would apply to awards rendered within the ‘interregnum’ period, as previously delineated in judicial precedent. Regarding Section 23(1A), the Court elucidated its application, underscoring the determinative significance of the date on which the court’s award was pronounced. The Court reiterated the paramount importance of adhering to the textual interpretation of statutory provisions, while simultaneously acknowledging the necessity to construe such provisions in a manner consistent with the legislative intent. Furthermore, the Court provided authoritative guidance on the interpretation and application of the transitional provisions inherent in the amending legislation, thereby establishing a framework for the orderly implementation of the amendments. The Court’s pronouncement emphasized the imperative of harmonizing statutory interpretation with legislative intent and constitutional principles. Furthermore, the Court exercised its appellate jurisdiction to modify the High Court’s determination regarding the grant of additional compensation under Section 23(1A). Ultimately, the Court’s ruling served to calibrate the balance between the proprietary rights of landowners and the state’s exercise of its power of eminent domain. |
| Judgement | The Supreme Court, in its judgment, delineated the temporal boundaries for the application of the amended compensation provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, thereby establishing legal certainty in land acquisition disputes. |
| Ratio Decidendi & Case Authority |
Full Case Details
K. JAGANNATHA SHETTY, J. – 2. This case raises yet another variant of a vexed question. Does Section 23(2) of the Land Acquisition Act, 1984 (as amended by Act 68 of 1984) providing for higher solatium proprio vigore apply to award made subsequent to September 24, 1984 even though the acquisition commenced prior to the said date. The appeal also raises another important question as to the applicability of Section 23(1-A) providing additional amount of compensation to awards made in such acquisition proceedings.
3. By notification under Section 4 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (the ‘Act’) published in the government gazette on October 26, 1967, the State Government declared its intention to acquire the land belonging to the respondent for establishing Naval Air Station Dabolim. On February 23, 1968, notification under Section 6 was published in the gazette. On March 5, 1969 the Land Acquisition Officer declared award determining compensation at the rate of 40 paise per square metre with solatium at 15 per cent.
4. The claimant had sought reference under Section 18 of the Act and reference was duly made to the civil court (District Judge). On May 28, 1985, the court after investigation of the claim awarded compensation at Rs 3 per square metre. The court also awarded solatium at 15 per cent and interest at 6 per cent from the date of taking possession till payment of compensation. Not being satisfied, the claimant preferred an appeal to the High Court seeking further enhancement of compensation and also solatium at 30 per cent. This claim was apparently based on the new provisions introduced by the Amending Act 68 of 1984. The High Court accepted the appeal and granted the reliefs in the following terms:
“The impugned award dated May 28, 1985, is modified. The appellant is entitled to the added benefits. In that he shall be entitled to have the compensation at the rate of 12 per cent of the market value from the date of Section 4 notification till the date of possession or the date of award, whichever is earlier. The appellant is further entitled to interest at the rate of 9 per cent for the first year from the date of taking over possession and thereafter at the rate of 15 per cent per annum till the date of deposit or payment as the case may be. The appellant shall be entitled to further 15 per cent solatium in addition to the 15 per cent already granted to him. To the extent indicated above, the award shall stand modified.”
5. The High Court has thus granted three more reliefs to the claimant: (i) Additional amount at the rate of 12 per cent of the market value from the date of notification under Section 4 till the date of taking over possession; (ii) interest at the rate of 9 per cent for the first year from the date of taking possession and 15 per cent for the subsequent years; and (iii) solatium at 30 per cent on the market value.
6. There is no grievance made in this appeal as to the second of the reliefs granted to the claimant. The claimant is entitled to the interest under Section 28 of the Act. The challenge is only against the first and the third of the said reliefs. They were evidently given under the amended Sections 23(1-A) and 23(2) of the Act.
7. We will first take up the question of solatium. On April 30, 1982, the corresponding Bill of the Amending Act 68 of 1984, namely, Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill, 1982, was introduced in Parliament. On September 24, 1984 it became law as the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 68 of 1984, when it received assent of the President. Before the amendment, Section 23(2) provided solatium at 15 per cent on the market value. After amendment by Act 68 of 1984 solatium was raised to 30 per cent on the market value. Section 23(2) now reads:
“23(2). In addition to the market value of the land, as above provided, the court shall in every case award a sum of 30 per centum on such market value, in consideration of the compulsory nature of the acquisition.”
8. The question herein is whether the higher solatium is attracted to the present case. Section 23(2) has been given limited retrospectivity by supplying transitional provisions under Section 30(2). Section 30(2) reads:
“30. Transitional provisions,- (2) The provisions of sub-section (2) of Section 23 and Section 28 of the principal Act, as amended by clause (b) of Section 15 and Section 18 of this Act respectively, shall apply, and shall be deemed to have applied, also to, and in relation to, any award made by the Collector or Court or to any order passed by the High Court or Supreme Court in appeal against any such award under the provisions of the principal Act after the 30th day of April, 1982 [the date of introduction of the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill, 1982, in the House of the People] and before the commencement of this Act.”
9. The scope of retrospective operation of Section 23(2) was first explained in K. Kamalajammanniavaru v. Special Land Acquisition Officer [(1985) 2 SCR 914]. A two Judge bench held that the award of 30 per cent solatium will apply only where the award appealed against was made by the Collector or court during the period between April 30, 1982 and September 24, 1984. This decision was rendered on February 14, 1985. Shortly thereafter there was another decision by a three Judge bench in Bhag Singh v. Union Territory of Chandigarh [(1985) 3 SCC 737]. There a contrary view was expressed. It was held that even if an award is made by the Collector or court on or before April 30, 1982, and an appeal against such award is pending before the High Court or the Supreme Court on April 30, 1982 or is filed subsequent to that date, 30 per cent solatium under Section 23(2) should be allowed. In taking that view, Bhag Singh overruled Kamalajammanniavaru and approved of the opinion expressed in another three Judge bench in State of Punjab v. Mohinder Singh [(1986) 1 SCC 365]. But the recent Constitution Bench in Union of India v. Raghubir Singh [(1989) 2 SCC 754] has overruled Bhag Singh and Mohinder Singh and reiterated the view expressed in Kamalajammanaivaru. Pathak C.J., speaking for the court in Raghubir Singh case rounded off his discussion thus:
“We think that what Parliament intends to say is that the benefit of Section 30(2) will be available to an award by the Collector or the court made between the aforesaid two dates or to an appellate order of the High Court or of the Supreme Court which arises out of an award of the Collector or the court made between the said two dates. The word ‘or’ is used with reference to the stage at which the proceeding rests at the time when the benefit under Section 30(2) is sought to be extended. If the proceeding has terminated with the award of the Collector or of the court made between the aforesaid two dates, the benefit of Section 30(2) will be applied to such award made between the aforesaid two dates. If the proceeding has passed to the stage of appeal before the High Court or Supreme Court, it is at that stage when the benefit of Section 30(2) will be applied. But in every case, the award of the Collector or of the court must have been made between April 30, 1982 and September 24, 1984.”
10. In stating thus, the decision has set at rest the controversy as to entitlement of higher solatium to cases pending as on the date of commencement of the Amending Act. Section 23(2) was held to apply to awards made in between April 30, 1982 and September 24, 1984. Obviously they must be awards in acquisition commenced prior to the said dates. The award may be of the Collector or court. One or the other must receive 30 per cent solatium on the market value of the land. More important, that the higher solatium could also be given by the High Court or the Supreme Court in appeals against such award.
11. But these decisions do not solve the problem presented here. The award with which we are concerned does not fall within the interregnum i.e. between April 30, 1982 and September 24, 1984. To repeat the facts: The acquisition commenced on October 26, 1967 when the notification under Section 4(1) of the Act was published. On March 5, 1969 the Collector made the award and on May 28, 1985 the reference court made the award. Both the awards, thus apparently fall outside the period prescribed under Section 30(2).
12. Counsel for the appellant on the aforesaid facts ruled out the applicability of Section 30(2) in the first place. Secondly, he also ruled out the applicability of Section 23(2). The first contention was based on the plain terms of Section 30(2) and the second on the ground that Section 23(2) with its isolated splendour is not retrospective in operation. He thus submitted that the claimant’s case could not be saved for higher solatium either under Transitional Provisions or by amended Section 23(2) of the Act and it was gone both ways.
13. This submission reminds us of the words of Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice, where Launcelot tells Jessica:
“Truly then I fear you are damned both by father and mother: thus when I shun Scylla, your father, I fall into Charybdis your mother: well, you are gone both ways.” (The Merchant of Venice 3.5)
14. The submission that Section 23(2) by itself has no retrospective operation seems to be justified. It is significant to note that Section 23(2) forms part of a scheme of determining compensation for land acquired under the Act. It provides 30 per cent solatium on the market value of the land in consideration of the compulsory nature of the acquisition. It thus operates on the market value of the land acquired. The market value of the land is required to be determined at the date of publication of the notification under Section 4(1). It cannot be determined with reference to any other date. That has been expressly provided for under Section 23(1) of the Act. In the instant case, Section 4(1) notification was published on October 20, 1967. The Amending Act 68 of 1984 came into force on September 24, 1984. The amended Section 23(2) by itself is not retrospective in operation. It cannot proprio vigore apply to awards in respect of acquisition proceedings commenced prior to September 24, 1984. If, therefore, Section 30(2) does not cover the present case, then amended Section 23(2) has no part to play.
15. This in effect is the result of the plain meaning rule of interpreting Section 30(2) of the Amending Act 68 of 1984. But then, it would seem very odd indeed and anomalous too to exclude the present case from the operation of Section 30(2). Section 30(2) is the Transitional Provisions. The purpose of incorporating Transitional Provisions in any Act or amendment is to clarify as to when and how the operative parts of the enactments are to take effect. The Transitional Provisions generally are intended to take care of the events during the period of transition. Mr Francis Bennion in his book on Statutory Interpretation (14 edn., p. 442) outlines the purpose of such provisions:
“189. Transitional Provisions. – Where an Act contains substantive, amending or repealing enactments, it commonly also includes transitional provisions which regulates the coming into operation of those enactments and modify their effect during the period of transition. Where an Act fails to include such provisions expressly, the court is required to draw such inferences as to the intended transitional arrangements as, in the light of the interpretative criteria, it considers Parliament to have intended.”
16. The paramount object in statutory interpretation is to discover what the legislature intended. This intention is primarily to be ascertained from the text of enactment in question. That does not mean the text is to be construed merely as a piece of prose, without reference to its nature or purpose. A statute is neither a literary text nor a divine revelation. “Words are certainly not crystals, transparent and unchanged” as Mr Justice Holmes has wisely and properly warned. [Towne v. Eisner, 245 US 418, 425 (1918)] Learned Hand, J., was equally emphatic when he said: “Statutes should be construed, not as theorems of Euclid, but with some imagination of the purposes which lie behind them.”
17. Section 30(2) provides that amended provisions of Section 23(2) shall apply, and shall be deemed to have applied, also to, and in relation to, any award made by the Collector or court between April 30, 1982 and September 24, 1984, or to an appellate order therefrom passed by the High Court or Supreme Court. The purpose of these provisions seems to be that the awards made in that interregnum must get higher solatium inasmuch as to awards made subsequent to September 24, 1984. Perhaps it was thought that awards made after the commencement of the Amending Act 68 of 1984 would be taken care of by the amended Section 23(2). The case like the present one seems to have escaped attention by innocent lack of due care in the drafting. The result would be an obvious anomaly as will be indicated presently. If there is obvious anomaly in the application of law the court could shape the law to remove the anomaly. If the strict grammatical interpretation gives rise to absurdity or inconsistency, the court could discard such interpretation and adopt an interpretation which will give effect to the purpose of the legislature. That could be done, if necessary even by modification of the language used. The legislators do not always deal with specific controversies which the courts decide. They incorporate general purpose behind the statutory words and it is for the courts to decide specific cases. If a given case is well within the general purpose of the legislature but not within the literal meaning of the statute, then the court must strike the balance.
18. The criticism that the literal interpretation of Section 30(2), if adhered to would lead to unjust result seems to be justified. Take for example two acquisition proceedings of two adjacent pieces of land, required for the same public purpose. Let us say that they were initiated on the same day – a day some time prior to April 30, 1982. In one of them the award of the
Collector is made on September 23, 1984 and in the other on September 25, 1984. Under the terms of Section 30(2) the benefit of higher solatium is available to the first award and not to the second. Take another example: the proceedings of acquisition initiated, say, in the year 1960 in which award was made on May 1, 1982. Then the amended Section 23(2) shall apply and higher solatium is entitled to. But in an acquisition initiated on September 23, 1984 and award made in the year 1989 the higher solatium is ruled out. This is the intrinsic illogicality if the award made after September 24, 1984, is not given higher solatium. Such a construction of Section 30(2) would be vulnerable to attack under Article 14 of the Constitution and it should be avoided. We, therefore, hold that benefit of higher solatium under Section 23(2) should be available also to the present case. This would be the only reasonable view to be taken in the circumstances of the case and in the light of the purpose of Section 30(2). In this view of the matter, the higher solatium allowed by the High Court is kept undisturbed.
19. This takes us to the second question which we have formulated at the beginning of the judgment: Whether the claimant is entitled to additional amount of compensation provided under Section 23(1-A) of the Act? This is equally a fundamental question and seemingly not covered by any of the previous decisions of this Court.
20. Section 23(1-A) reads as follows:
“23. (1-A) In addition to the market value of the land, as above provided, the court shall in every case award an amount calculated at the rate of 12 per centum per annum on such market value for the period commencing on and from the date of the publication of the notification under Section 4, sub-section (1), in respect of such land to the date of award of the Collector or the date of taking possession of the land, whichever is earlier.
Explanation: In computing the period referred to in this sub-section any period or periods during which the proceedings for the acquisition of the land were held up on account of any stay or injunction by the order of any court shall be excluded.”
The objective words used in this sub-section are similar to those that are used in Section 23(2). It enjoins a duty on the court to award the additional amount at 12 per cent on the market value of the land for the period prescribed thereunder. But this again is a part of the scheme for determining compensation under Section 23(1) of the Act. It also operates on the market value of the land acquired. It is plainly and distinctly prospective in its operation since market value has to be determined as on the date of publication of notification under Section 4(1). But the legislature has given new starting point for operation of Section 23(1-A) for certain cases. That will be found from Section 30 sub-sections (1)(a) and (b) of the Transitional Provisions. They read as follows:
“30. Transitional Provisions. – (1) The provision of sub-section (1-A) of Section 23 of the principal Act, as inserted by clause (a) of Section 15 of this Act, shall apply, and shall be deemed to have applied, also to, and in relation to:
(a) every proceeding for the acquisition of any land under the principal Act pending on the 30th day of April 1982 [the date of introduction of the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill, 1982 in the House of the People], in which no award has been made by the Collector before that date.
(b) every proceeding for the acquisition of any land under the principal Act commenced after that date, whether or not an award has been made by the Collector before the date of commencement of this Act.”
21. Entitlement of additional amount provided under Section 23(12DA) depends upon pendency of acquisition proceedings as on April 30, 1982 or commencement of acquisition proceedings after that date. Section 30 sub-section (1)(a) provides that additional amount provided under Section 23(1-A) shall be applicable to acquisition proceedings pending before the Collector as on April 30, 1982 in which he has not made the award before that date. If the Collector has made the award before that date then, that additional amount cannot be awarded. Section 30 sub-section (1)(b) provides that Section 23(1-A) shall be applicable to every acquisition proceedings commenced after April 30, 1982 irrespective of the fact whether the Collector has made an award or not before September 24, 1984. The final point to note is that Section 30 sub-section (1) does not refer to court award and the court award is used only in Section 30 sub-section (2).
22. In the case before us, on October 26, 1967, the notification under Section 4 was issued. On March 5, 1969 the Collector made the award. The result is that on April 30, 1982 there was no proceedings pending before the Collector. Therefore, Section 30 sub-section (1)(a) is not attracted to the case. Since the proceedings for acquisition commenced before April 30, 1982, Section 30 sub-section (1)(b) is also not applicable to the case. Here, the case is really gone by both ways. It cannot be saved from Scylla or Charybdis. The claimant is, therefore, not entitled to additional amount provided under Section 23(1-A).
26. In the result, the appeal is allowed in part. The judgment of the High Court is modified and the compensation awarded under Section 23(1-A) is deleted. The judgment and decree in other respects are kept undisturbed.
