Case Summary
| Citation | Revanasiddappa & Anr v. Mallikarjun(2011) 11 SCC 1 |
| Keywords | Sec 6 HSA, Sec 16 HMA, child of void or voidable marriage, legitimacy, inheritance of property, partition |
| Facts | This case revolves around the rights of a child born out of an invalid marriage within a Hindu joint family setup. The defendant filed a case in the trial court, order dated 23/11/2005. The court held that the plaintiff along with other defendants were entitled to equal share of 1/6th each in ancestral property. The plaintiff, not being satisfied by the judgement appealed before the High Court of Karnataka.Plaintiff claim right to partition against other coparcener, right to partition was given to first defendant, but other defendants were not entitled to right in partition but were only entitled to the separate property of their father. The High Court observed that upon partition, when the first defendant got his share of partition, then the other defendant would be entitled to share on his dying intestate, but by the time he is living they would have no right in the property. Hence, the High Court held that the first plaintiff would be entitled to 1/3rd share in property. The Conclusion inferred was Right to property is no longer fundamental but is a constitutional right. |
| Issues | Whether illegitimate children are entitled to a share in the coparcenary property or whether their share is limited only to the self-acquired property of their parents under Section 16(3) of the Hindu Marriage Act? |
| Contentions | By Plaintiff The plaintiff argued that the property given to the defendent was an ancestral property. And the share in the property must not be given to the defendant. Rather, no property is to be given to the defendant as it comes under ancestral property. By Defendant The defendent argued that the property acquired were not ancestral property, rather it is property owned by his deceased parent. They asked that the property belonging to deceased parents must be transferred to them. |
| Law Points | ▪ Legal Basis for Inheritance: *Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 plays a crucial role in conferring legitimacy to children born out of void or voidable marriages, stipulating that such children have a right to their parents’ property. ▪ Equal Inheritance Rights: *Children from void or voidable marriages are considered “legitimate kin” under the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 which governs inheritance. * They cannot be deemed illegitimate when it comes to inheriting family property. ▪ Impact of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 *The court noted that after the enactment of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act in 2005, a deceased person’s share in a joint Hindu family governed by Mitakshara law can be inherited by testamentary or intestate succession. * This amendment expanded the scope of inheritance beyond survivorship and granted equal succession rights to women and men. Section 16(3) as amended, does not impose any restriction on the property right of such children except limiting it to the property of their parents. Therefore, such children will have a right to whatever becomes the property of their parents whether self-acquired or ancestral. While interpreting the amended Section 16(3), the Court must keep in view the constitutional values enshrined in the Preamble of our Constitution which focuses on the concept of equality of status and opportunity and also on individual dignity. The Court has to remember that relationship between the parents may not be sanctioned by law but the birth of a child in such relationship has to be viewed independently of the relationship of the parents. A child born in such relationship is innocent and is entitled to all the rights which are given to other children born in valid marriage. This is the crux of the amendment in Section 16(3). However, some limitation on the property rights of such children is still there in the sense their right is confined to the property of their parents. Such rights cannot be further restricted in view of the pre- existing common law view. |
| Judgement | The judgement passed by the court is fair in my opinion that only the property of their parents could be transferred to them and not the ancestral property thereby, protecting the right of other members in the family. This also lays down that law must adapt to changes when need and amendment is needed in laws. It also teaches that legal education and awareness is important as it ensures that these rights protect the right of children. |
| Ratio Decidendi & Case Authority |
Full Case Details
GANGULY, J. 2. The first defendant had two wives- the third plaintiff (the first wife) and the
fourth defendant (the second wife). The first defendant had two children from the first wife, the
third plaintiff, namely, the first and second plaintiffs; and another two children from his second
wife, the fourth defendant namely, the second and third defendant.
3. The plaintiffs (first wife and her two children) had filed a suit for partition and separate
possession against the defendants for their 1/4th shares each with respect to ancestral property
which had been given to the first defendant by way of grant. The plaintiffs contended that the first
defendant had married the fourth defendant while his first marriage was subsisting and, therefore,
the children born in the said second marriage would not be entitled to any share in the ancestral
property of the first defendant as they were not coparceners.
4. However, the defendants contended that the properties were not ancestral properties at all but
were self-acquired properties, except for one property which was ancestral. Further, the
first defendant also contended that it was the fourth defendant who was his legally wedded wife,
and not the third plaintiff and that the plaintiffs had no right to claim partition. Further, the first
defendant also alleged that an oral partition had already taken place earlier.
5. The Trial Court, by its judgment and order dated 28.7.2005, held that the first defendant had
not been able to prove oral partition nor that he had divorced the third plaintiff. The second
marriage of the first defendant with the fourth defendant was found to be void, as it had been
conducted while his first marriage was still legally subsisting. Thus, the Trial Court held that the
third plaintiff was the legally wedded wife of the first defendant and thus was entitled to claim
partition. Further, the properties were not self-acquired but ancestral properties and, therefore, the
plaintiffs were entitled to claim partition of the suit properties. The plaintiffs and the
first defendant were held entitled to 1/4th share each in all the suit properties.
6. Aggrieved, the defendants filed an appeal against the judgment of the Trial Court. The First
Appellate Court, vide order dated 23.11.2005, re-appreciated the entire evidence on record and
affirmed the findings of the Trial Court that the suit properties were ancestral properties and that
the third plaintiff was the legally wedded wife of the first defendant, whose marriage with the
fourth defendant was void and thus children from such marriage were illegitimate. However, the
Appellate Court reversed the findings of the Trial Court that illegitimate children had no right to a
share in the coparcenary property by relying on a judgment of the Division Bench of the
Karnataka High Court in Smt. Sarojamma&Ors. v. Smt. Neelamma&Ors., [ILR 2005 Kar 3293].
7. The Appellate Court held that children born from a void marriage were to be treated at par with
coparceners and they were also entitled to the joint family properties of the first defendant.
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Accordingly, the Appellate Court held that the plaintiffs, along with the first, second and third
defendants were entitled to equal share of 1/6th each in the ancestral properties.
8. The plaintiffs, being aggrieved by the said judgment of the Appellate Court, preferred a second
appeal before the High Court of Karnataka. The substantial questions of law before the High
Court were:
“a) Whether the illegitimate children born out of void marriage are regarded as coparceners by
virtue of the amendment to the Hindu Marriage Act, 1956?
b) At a partition between the coparceners whether they are entitled to a share in the said
properties?”
9. The High Court stated that the said questions were no more res integra and had been
considered in the judgment of Sri Kenchegowda v. K.B. Krishnappa &Ors. [ILR 2008 Kar 3453].
It observed that both the lower courts had concurrently concluded that the fourth defendant was
the second wife of the first defendant. Therefore, the second and third defendants were
illegitimate children from a void marriage. Section 16(3) of the Hindu Marriage Act makes it
clear that illegitimate children only had the right to the property of their parents and no one else.
As the first and second plaintiffs were the legitimate children of the first defendant they
constituted a coparcenary and were entitled to the suit properties, which were coparcenary
properties.
They also had a right to claim partition against the other coparcener and thus their suit
for partition against the first defendant was maintainable. However, the second and third
defendants were not entitled to a share of the coparcenary property by birth but were only entitled
to the separate property of their father, the first defendant. The High Court observed that upon
partition, when the first defendant got his share on partition, then the second and third defendants
would be entitled to such share on his dying intestate, but during his lifetime they would have no
right to the said property. Hence, the High Court allowed the appeal and held that the first
plaintiff, second plaintiff and the first defendant would be entitled to 1/3rd share each in the suit
properties. The claim of the third plaintiff and the second, third and fourth defendants in the suit
property was rejected.
10. As a result, the second and third defendants (present appellants) filed the present appeal.
11. The question which crops up in the facts of this case is whether illegitimate children are
entitled to a share in the coparcenary property or whether their share is limited only to the selfacquired property of their parents under Section 16(3) of the Hindu Marriage Act? (ReferSection
16(3) of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955).
12. Thus, the abovementioned section makes it very clear that a child of a void or voidable
marriage can only claim rights to the property of his parents, and no one else. However, we find it
interesting to note that the legislature has advisedly used the word “property” and has not
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qualified it with either self-acquired property or ancestral property. It has been kept broad and
general.
13. Prior to enactment of Section 16(3) of the Act, the question whether child of a void or
voidable marriage is entitled to self-acquired property or ancestral property of his parents was
discussed in a catena of cases. The property rights of illegitimate children to their father’s
property were recognized in the cases of Sudras to some extent.
14. In Kamulammal (deceased) represented by Kattari Nagaya KamarajendraRamasamiPandiya
Naickerv.T.B.K. Visvanathaswami Naicker (deceased) &Ors., [AIR 1923 PC 8], the Privy
Council held when a Sudra had died leaving behind an illegitimate son, a daughter, his wife and
certain collateral agnates, both the illegitimate son and his wife would be entitled to an equal
share in his property. The illegitimate son would be entitled to one-half of what he would be
entitled had he been a legitimate issue. An illegitimate child of a Sudra born from a slave or a
permanently kept concubine is entitled to share in his father’s property, along with the legitimate
children.
15. In P.M.A.M. Vellaiyappa Chetty &Ors. v. Natarajan &Anr., [AIR 1931 PC 294], it was held
that the illegitimate son of a Sudra from a permanent concubine has the status of a son and a
member of the family and share of inheritance given to him is not merely in lieu of maintenance,
but as a recognition of his status as a son; that where the father had left no separate property and
no legitimate son, but was joint with his collaterals, the illegitimate son was not entitled to
demand a partition of the joint family property, but was entitled to maintenance out of that
property. Sir Dinshaw Mulla, speaking for the Bench, observed that though such illegitimate son
was a member of the family, yet he had limited rights compared to a son born in wedlock, and he
had no right by birth. During the lifetime of the father, he could take only such share as his father
may give him, but after his death he could claim his father’s self-acquired property along with the
legitimate sons.
16. In Raja JogendraBhupatiHurriChundun Mahapatra v. NityanundMansingh&Anr., [1889-90
Indian Appeals 128], the facts were that the Raja was a Sudra and died leaving behind a
legitimate son, an illegitimate son and a legitimate daughter and three widows. The legitimate son
had died and the issue was whether the illegitimate son could succeed to the property of the Raja.
The Privy Council held that the illegitimate son was entitled to succeed to the Raja by virtue of
survivorship.
17. In Gur Narain Das &Anr. v. Gur Tahal Das &Ors., [AIR 1952 SC 225], a Bench comprising
Justice Fazl Ali and Justice Bose agreed with the principle laid down in the case of Vellaiyappa
Chetty (supra) and supplemented the same by stating certain well-settled principles to the effect
that “firstly, that the illegitimate son does not acquire by birth any interest in his father’s estate
and he cannot therefore demand partition against his father during the latter’s lifetime. But on his
father’s death, the illegitimate son succeeds as a coparcener to the separate estate of the father
along with the legitimate son(s) with a right of survivorship and is entitled to enforce partition
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against the legitimate son(s) and that on a partition between a legitimate and an illegitimate son,
the illegitimate son takes only one-half of what he would have taken if he was a legitimate son.”
However, the Bench was referring to those cases where the illegitimate son was of a Sudra from a
continuous concubine.
18. In the case of SinghaiAjit Kumar &Anr. v. Ujayar Singh &Ors., [AIR 1961 SC 1334], the
main question was whether an illegitimate son of a Sudra vis-`-vis his self-acquired property,
after having succeeded to half-share of his putative father’s estate, would be entitled to succeed to
the other half share got by the widow. The Bench referred to Chapter 1, Section 12 of the
Yajnavalkya and the cases of Raja JogendraBhupati (supra) and Vellaiyappa Chetty (supra) and
concluded that “once it is established that for the purpose of succession an illegitimate son of a
Sudra has the status of a son and that he is entitled to succeed to his putative father’s entire selfacquired property in the absence of a son, widow, daughter or daughter’s son and to share along
with them, we cannot see any escape from the consequential and logical position that he shall be
entitled to succeed to the other half share when succession opens after the widow’s death.”
19. The amendment to Section 16 has been introduced and was brought about with the obvious
purpose of removing the stigma of illegitimacy on children born in void or voidable marriage
(hereinafter, “such children”).
20. However, the issues relating to the extent of property rights conferred on such children under
Section 16(3) of the amended Act were discussed in detail in the case of JiniaKeotin&Ors. v.
Kumar Sitaram Manjhi&Ors. [(2003) 1 SCC 730]. It was contended that by virtue of Section
16(3) of the Act, which entitled such children’s rights to the property of their parents, such
property rights included right to both self-acquired as well as ancestral property of the parent.
This Court, repelling such contentions held that “in the light of such an express mandate of the
legislature itself, there is no room for according upon such children who but for Section 16 would
have been branded as illegitimate any further rights than envisaged therein by resorting to any
presumptive or inferential process of reasoning, having recourse to the mere object or purpose of
enacting Section 16 of the Act. Any attempt to do so would amount to doing not only violence to
the provision specifically engrafted in sub-section (3) of Section 16 of the Act but also would
attempt to court re-legislating on the subject under the guise of interpretation, against even the
will expressed in the enactment itself.” Thus, the submissions of the appellants were rejected.
21. In our humble opinion this Court in JiniaKeotin (supra) took a narrow view of Section 16(3)
of the Act. The same issue was again raised in Neelamma&Ors. v. Sarojamma&Ors.[(2006) 9
SCC 612], wherein the court referred to the decision in JiniaKeotin (supra) and held that
illegitimate children would only be entitled to a share of the self-acquired property of the parents
and not to the joint Hindu family property.
22. Same position was again reiterated in a recent decision of this court in BharathaMatha&Anr.
v. R. Vijaya Renganathan&Ors. [AIR 2010 SC 2685], wherein this Court held that a child born in
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a void or voidable marriage was not entitled to claim inheritance in ancestral coparcenary
property but was entitled to claim only share in self-acquired properties.
23. We cannot accept the aforesaid interpretation of Section 16(3) given in JiniaKeotin (supra),
Neelamma (supra) and BharathaMatha (supra) for the reasons discussed hereunder:
24. The legislature has used the word “property” in Section 16(3) and is silent on whether such
property is meant to be ancestral or self-acquired. Section 16 contains an express mandate that
such children are only entitled to the property of their parents, and not of any other relation.
25. On a careful reading of Section 16 (3) of the Act we are of the view that the amended Section
postulates that such children would not be entitled to any rights in the property of any person who
is not his parent if he was not entitled to them, by virtue of his illegitimacy, before the passing of
the amendment. However, the said prohibition does not apply to the property of his parents.
Clauses (1) and (2) of Section 16 expressly declare that such children shall be legitimate. If they
have been declared legitimate, then they cannot be discriminated against and they will be at par
with other legitimate children, and be entitled to all the rights in the property of their parents, both
self-acquired and ancestral. The prohibition contained in Section 16(3) will apply to such children
with respect to property of any person other than their parents.
26. With changing social norms of legitimacy in every society, including ours, what was
illegitimate in the past may be legitimate today. The concept of legitimacy stems from social
consensus, in the shaping of which various social groups play a vital role. Very often a dominant
group loses its primacy over other groups in view of ever changing socio-economic scenario and
the consequential vicissitudes in human relationship. Law takes its own time to articulate such
social changes through a process of amendment. That is why in a changing society law cannot
afford to remain static. If one looks at the history of development of Hindu Law it will be clear
that it was never static and has changed from time to time to meet the challenges of the changing
social pattern in different time.
27. The amendment to Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act was introduced by Act 60 of 76.
This amendment virtually substituted the previous Section 16 of the Act with the present Section.
From the relevant notes appended in the clause relating to this amendment, it appears that the
same was done to remove difficulties in the interpretation of Section 16.
28. The constitutional validity of Section 16(3) of Hindu Marriage Act was challenged before this
Court and upholding the law, this Court in ParayankandiyalEravathKanapravanKalliani Amma
(Smt.) &Ors. v. K. Devi and Ors., [(1996) 4 SCC 76], held that Hindu Marriage Act, a beneficial
legislation, has to be interpreted in a manner which advances the object of the legislation. This
Court also recognized that the said Act intends to bring about social reforms and further held that
conferment of social status of legitimacy on innocent children is the obvious purpose of Section
16 (See para 68).
29. In paragraph 75, page 101 of the report, the learned judges held that Section 16 was
previously linked with Sections 11 and 12 in view of the unamended language of Section 16. But
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after amendment, Section 16(1) stands de-linked from Section 11 and Section 16(1) which
confers legitimacy on children born from void marriages operates with full vigour even though
provisions of Section 11 nullify those marriages. Such legitimacy has been conferred on the
children whether they were/are born in void or voidable marriage before or after the date of
amendment.
30. In paragraph 82 at page 103 of the report, the learned Judges made the following
observations:
“In view of the legal fiction contained in Section 16, the illegitimate children, for all practical
purposes, including succession to the properties of their parents, have to be treated as legitimate.
They cannot, however, succeed to the properties of any other relation on the basis of this rule,
which in its operation, is limited to the properties of the parents.”
31. It has been held in Parayankandiyal (supra) that Hindu Marriage Act is a beneficent
legislation and intends to bring about social reforms. Therefore, the interpretation given to
Section 16(3) by this Court in JiniaKeotin (supra), Neelamma (supra) and BharathaMatha (supra)
needs to be reconsidered.
32. With the amendment of Section 16(3), the common law view that the offsprings of marriage
which is void and voidable are illegitimate `ipso-jure’ has to change completely. We must
recognize the status of such children which has been legislatively declared legitimate and
simultaneously law recognises the rights of such children in the property of their parents. This is a
law to advance the socially beneficial purpose of removing the stigma of illegitimacy on such
children who are as innocent as any other children.
33. However, one thing must be made clear that benefit given under the amended Section 16 is
available only in cases where there is a marriage but such marriage is void or voidable in view of
the provisions of the Act.
34. In our view, in the case of joint family property such children will be entitled only to a share
in their parents’ property but they cannot claim it on their own right. Logically, on the partition of
an ancestral property, the property falling in the share of the parents of such children is regarded
as their self acquired and absolute property. In view of the amendment, we see no reason why
such children will have no share in such property since such children are equated under the
amended law with legitimate offspring of valid marriage. The only limitation even after the
amendment seems to be that during the life time of their parents such children cannot ask for
partition but they can exercise this right only after the death of their parents.
35. We are constrained to differ from the interpretation of Section 16(3) rendered by this Court in
JiniaKeotin (supra) and, thereafter, in Neelamma (supra) and BharathaMatha (supra) in view of
the constitutional values enshrined in the preamble of our Constitution which focuses on the
concept of equality of status and opportunity and also on individual dignity. The Court has to
remember that relationship between the parents may not be sanctioned by law but the birth of a
child in such relationship has to be viewed independently of the relationship of the parents. A
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child born in such relationship is innocent and is entitled to all the rights which are given to other
children born in valid marriage. This is the crux of the amendment in Section 16(3). However,
some limitation on the property rights of such children is still there in the sense their right is
confined to the property of their parents. Such rights cannot be further restricted in view of the
pre-existing common law view discussed above.
It is well known that this Court cannot interpret a socially beneficial legislation on the basis as if
the words therein are cast in stone. Such legislation must be given a purposive interpretation to
further and not to frustrate the eminently desirable social purpose of removing the stigma on such
children. In doing so, the Court must have regard to the equity of the Statute and the principles
voiced under Part IV of the Constitution, namely, the Directive Principles of State Policy. In our
view this flows from the mandate of Article 37 which provides that it is the duty of the State to
apply the principles enshrined in Chapter IV in making laws. It is no longer in dispute that today
State would include the higher judiciary in this country. Considering Article 37 in the context of
the duty of judiciary, Justice Mathew in Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaruv. State of Kerala
and another [(1973) 4 SCC 225] held:
“……I can see no incongruity in holding, when Article 37 says in its latter part “it shall be the duty
of the State to apply these principles in making laws”, that judicial process is `State action’ and
that the judiciary is bound to apply the Directive Principles in making its judgment.”
36. Going by this principle, we are of the opinion that Article 39 (f) must be kept in mind by the
Court while interpreting the provision of Section 16(3) of Hindu Marriage Act. Article 39(f) of
the Constitution runs as follows:
“37. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State: The State shall, in particular, direct
its policy towards securing-
(f) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner
and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against
exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.”
38. Apart from Article 39(f), Article 300A also comes into play while interpreting the concept of
property rights. (Refer Article 300A of the Constitution of India).
39. Right to property is no longer fundamental but it is a Constitutional right and Article 300A
contains a guarantee against deprivation of property right save by authority of law.
40. In the instant case, Section 16(3) as amended does not impose any restriction on the property
right of such children except limiting it to the property of their parents. Therefore, such
children will have a right to whatever becomes the property of their parents whether self acquired
or ancestral.
41. For the reasons discussed above, we are constrained to take a view different from the one
taken by this Court in JiniaKeotin (supra), Neelamma (supra) and BharathaMatha (supra) on
Section 16(3) of the Act.
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42. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the matter should be reconsidered by a larger Bench and
for that purpose the records of the case be placed before the Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India for
constitution of a larger Bench.
