Case Summary
| Citation | R.M. Malkani v. State of Maharashtra (1973) 1 SCC 471 : AIR 1973 SC 157 |
| Keywords | sec 3,8 IEA , prove or not prove, bribe, tape recorded conversation |
| Facts | Jagdish Prasad Ramnarayan Khandelwal was admitted to the hospital of Dr Adatia. Operation was performed by Dr. Adatia. But his condition became serious. He was referred to the Bombay Hospital on. Treatment was done by Dr. Motwani, but he couldn’t save him. R. M. Malkani issued notice to Dr. Adatia. After some time, he started to demand a bribe. He threatened that otherwise, he would charge for medical negligence even though you are innocent. He demanded 20,000 from Dr. Adatia through Dr. Motwani. Dr. Adatia and Motwani lodged a complaint to Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB). ACB suggested them to be in contact with Malkani. ACB used tape recording equipment to record a telephonic conversation. The conversation was recorded. When they went to give money, Malkani did not take money due to delay in the payment of money. He was charged under Sections 161, 385, 420 and 511 of IPC. |
| Issues | Does Illegally obtained evidence admissible in court? Isn’t it violation of Article 20(3) and Article 21? |
| Contentions | 1. The evidence of the telephonic conversation between Dr. Motwani, a witness, and the appellant which was recorded on the tape was illegally obtained in contravention of Section 25 of the Indian Telegraph Act, and therefore, the evidence was inadmissible. 2. The admissibility of the evidence offended Articles 20(3) and 21 of the Constitution. 3. The conversation between Dr. Motwani and the appellant which was recorded on the tape took place during the investigation because the Director of the Anti-corruption Branch asked Dr. Motwani to talk to the appellant and therefore, the conversation was not admissible under Section 162 of the Cr. P.C. |
| Law Points | ➢ Evidence is admissible even though it was collected through illegal manner. Indian Evidence Act does not say that Evidence must be collected in a legal manner. This Act is silent regarding the manner of collection of Evidence. It concentrates on the relevancy of facts. ➢ Lord Goddard held in Kwruma, Son of Kanju v. R., “The test to be applied both in civil and in criminal cases, in considering whether evidence is admissible, is whether it is relevant to the matters in issue. If it is, it is admissible, the Court is not concerned with how it was obtained.” Tape recorded conversation is admissible provided: → Firstly, the conversation is relevant to the matters in issue; → Secondly, there is identification of the voice; and, → Thirdly, the accuracy of the tape-recorded conversation is proved by eliminating the possibility of erasing the tape record. A contemporaneous tape record of a relevant conversation is a relevant fact and is admissible under Section 8 of the Evidence Act. It is res gestae. ➢ It is not a violation of Article 20(3) and Article 21. The telephonic conversation of an innocent citizen will be protected by Courts against wrongful or highhanded interference by tapping the conversation. ➢ The protection is not for the guilty citizen against the efforts of the police to vindicate the law and prevent corruption of public servants. In the present case there is no unlawful or even irregular method in obtaining the tape-recording of the conversation. |
| Judgement | The tape recorded conversation is contemporaneous relevant evidence and therefore it is admissible. It is not tainted by coercion or unfairness. There is no reason to exclude this evidence.For these reasons, the appeal is dismissed. The appellant will surrender to his bail and serve out the sentence. |
| Ratio Decidendi & Case Authority |
Full Case Details
A.N. RAY, J. – The appellant was at the crucial time the Coroner of Bombay. The
prosecution case was as follows. Jagdish Prasad Ramnarayan Khandelwal was admitted to the
nursing home of a Gynaecologist Dr Adatia on May 3, 1964. Dr Adatia diagnosed the case as
acute appendicitis. Dr Adatia kept the patient under observation. After 24 hours the condition
of the patient became serious. Dr Shantilal J. Mehta was called. His diagnosis was acute
appendicitis with “generalised peritonitis” and he advised immediate operation. Dr Adatia
performed the operation. The appendix, according to Dr Adatia, had become gangrenous. The
patient developed paralysis of the ileum. He was removed to Bombay Hospital on May 10,
1964, to be under the treatment of Dr Motwani. The patient died on May 13, 1964. The
Hospital issued a Death Intimation Card as “paralytic ileus and peritonitis following an
operation for acute appendicitis”.
3. The appellant allowed the disposal of the dead body without ordering post-mortem.
There was however a request for an inquest from the Police Station. The cause for the inquest
was that this was a case of post operation death in a hospital. The Coroner’s Court registered
the inquest on May 13, 1964. The dates for inquest were in the months of June, July,
September and October, 1964. The appellant was on leave for some time in the months of
June and July, 1964. This is said to delay the inquest.
4. It was the practice of the Coroner’s Court to send letters to professional people
concerned in inquest to get the explanation of the doctor who treated or operated upon the
patient. The appellant on October 3, 1964 made an order that Dr Adatia be called. It is alleged
that the appellant had told Dr Adatia a few days earlier that though he might have operated
satisfactorily the cause of death given by the hospital would give rise to a presumption of
negligence on his part. Dr Adatia was asked by the appellant to meet Dr Motwani, so that the
latter could get in touch with the appellant to resolve the technical difficulties. Dr Motwani
met the appellant on October 3, 1964. The appellant told Dr Motwani that Dr Adatia was at
fault but he might be cleared of the charge in the inquest. The appellant asked for a sum of Rs
20,000. Dr Motwani said that he would consult Dr Adatia. Dr Motwani conveyed the proposal
to Dr Adatia. The latter refused to pay any illegal gratification. Dr Motwani intimated the
same to the appellant. The appellant then reduced the demand to Rs 10,000. Dr. Adatia also
refused to pay the same.
5. On October 4, 1964 the appellant got in touch with Dr Jadhav, Superintendent of the
Bombay Hospital to find out if the cause of death given in the Hospital Card could be
substantiated. Dr Motwani told Dr Jadhav on the same day that incorrect cause of death was
shown and great injustice was done to Dr Adatia. Dr. Jadhav said that he would send an
amended deposition to the Coroner, the appellant.
6. On October 5, 1964, Dr Motwani and Dr. Adatia decided to lodge a complaint with the
Anti Corruption Bureau. Dr Adatia’s Nursing Home got messages on the telephone to get in
touch with the appellant. Dr Adatia complained to Dr Motwani of the harassment on the
telephone. Dr. Motwani rang up the appellant. The appellant asked Dr Motwani to intimate by
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10 a.m. on October 7, 1964 whether Dr Adatia was willing to pay Rs 10,000. Dr Motwani
rang up Mugwe, Director of the Anti Corruption Branch, and complained that a higher
Government official was demanding a heavy bribe from a Doctor. Mugwe then arranged for
his staff to be present near Dr Motwani’s residence on the morning of October 7, 1964 with
the tape recording equipment to record on the tape the telephonic conversation.
7. On October 7, 1964, Mugwe and the Assistant Commissioner of Police Sawant went to
Dr Motwani’s residence. They met Dr Motwani and Dr Adatia. When they commenced
recording the First Information Report of Dr Mutwani, Dr Adatia left for his Nursing Home.
Mugwe then arranged for the tape recording equipment to be attached to the telephone of Dr
Motwani. Dr Motwani was asked by Mugwe to ring up the appellant in the presence of
Mugwe and other Police Officers about the appellant’s demand for the money. Dr Motwani
rang up the appellant and spoke with him. Dr Motwani reported the gist of the talk to Mugwe.
Mugwe then asked Dr Motwani to ring up Dr Adatia to speak on certain special points. After
the talk with Dr Adatia, Dr Motwani was asked by Mugwe to ring up the appellant and ask for
an appointment to discuss the matter further. Dr Motwani rang up the appellant and an
appointment was made to meet the appellant at 12 noon the same day. The conversation
between Dr Motwani and the appellant and the conversation between Dr Motwani and Dr
Adatia are all recorded on the tape.
8. The two doctors Motwani and Adatia met the appellant in the Coroner’s Chamber at 12
noon. The appellant raised the demand to Rs 15,000 and said that Rs 5,000 was to be paid to
Coroner’s Surgeon for giving an opinion in favour of Dr Adatia. The appellant said that if the
amount was not paid the Police Surgeon’s opinion would be incorporated in the case. The two
doctors went out of the Chamber for a while. Dr Adatia then told the appellant that he would
pay the appellant Rs 15,000 on October 9, 1964.
9. Dr Adatia paid Rs 15,000 to Dr Motwani. Dr Motwani took the amount to his house.
Dr Motwani informed the appellant on the telephone that he had received the money from Dr
Adatia. The appellant asked Dr Motwani to keep it. The appellant also told Dr Motwani to
bring the money to the appellant’s house on October 10, 1964. On October 10, the Assistant
Commissioner Sawant came to Dr Motwani’s residence and asked him to go to the
appellant’s residence to fix up an appointment for payment of money. Dr Motwani went to the
appellant’s house on October 10, 1964 at 10 a.m. The appellant was not in the house. The
appellant’s wife was there. Dr Motwani told her that he had come to pay the money. The
appellant’s wife said that he could pay her. Dr Motwani said that he had no instructions to
pay. As Dr Motwani was leaving the building, Sawant, the Assistant Commissioner, met him.
Sawant asked Dr Motwani to come to Dr Adatia to ring up the appellant from there.
10. The Police Officers and Dr Motwani met at the residence of Dr Adatia at about 4 p.m.
The raiding party connected the tape recorder to the telephone mechanism of Dr Motwani. Dr
Motwani dialled the appellant’s residence and spoke with the appellant in the presence of the
Police Officers. The conversation was also recorded on the tape. It was arranged at the talk
that Dr Motwani would pay the amount to the appellant’s wife on October 12, 1964. Dr
Motwani was asked to take a letter addressed to the appellant stating that he was returning a
loan of Rs 15,000 which he had taken at the time of buying a flat.
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11. On October 11, 1964, Dr Motwani received a telephone call from the appellant asking
Dr Motwani to come to his residence to meet the person to whom the money was to be paid.
Dr Motwani declined to go then. On October 12, 1964, the appellant told Dr Motwani that the
appointment was cancelled because he had not come to the appellant’s residence on October
11. Dr Motwani conveyed the news to the Assistant Commissioner.
13. The appellant was charged under Sections 161, 385 and 420 read with Section 511 of
the Indian Penal Code. Broadly stated, the charges against the appellant were these. He
attempted to obtain from Dr Adatia through Dr Motwani a sum of Rs 20,000 which was later
reduced to Rs 10,000 and which was then raised to Rs 15,000 as gratification for doing or
forbearing to do official acts. He put Dr Adatia in fear of injury in body, mind, reputation and
attempted dishonestly to induce Dr Adatia and Dr Motwani to pay the sum of money. The
appellant was also charged with cheating for having falsely represented to Dr Adatia and Dr
Motwani that Rs 5,000 out of the amount of Rs 10,000 was required to be paid to the Police
Surgeon for obtaining his favourable opinion.
15. Four questions were canvassed in this appeal. The first contention was that the trial
Court and the High Court erred in admitting the evidence of the telephonic conversation
between Dr Motwani and the appellant which was recorded on the tape. The evidence was
illegally obtained in contravention of Section 25 of the Indian Telegraph Act and therefore the
evidence was inadmissible. Secondly, the conversation between Dr Motwani and the
appellant which was recorded on the tape took place during investigation inasmuch as Mugwe
asked Dr Motwani to talk and therefore the conversation was not admissible under Section
162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The third contention was that the appellant did not
attempt to obtain gratification. Fourthly, it was said that the sentence of six months
imprisonment should be interfered with because the appellant has already paid Rs 10,000 as
fine. The appellant suffered heart attacks and therefore the sentence should be modified.
16. The trial Court as well as the High Court found that the evidence of Dr Motwani and
Dr Adatia needed corroboration. The High Court found that the conversation recorded on tape
corroborated their evidence. The evidence of Dr Motwani is that on October 7, 1964, Mugwe
accompanied by Sawant and members of the Police staff went to the residence of Dr
Motwani. Mugwe directed Sawant to record Dr Motwani’s statement. Mugwe had instructed
his staff to bring a tape recording machine. After the statement of Dr Motwani Mugwe
connected the tape recording machine to Dr Motwani’s phone and asked Dr Motwani to talk
to any one he liked in order to test whether the tape recording machine was in order. Motwani
was then asked to talk to the appellant. Motwani talked with the appellant. That conversation
was recorded on the tape. This tape recorded conversation is challenged by counsel for the
appellant to be inadmissible because it infringes Articles 20(3) and 21 of the Constitution and
is an offence under Section 25 of the Indian Telegraph Act.
17. Section 25 of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 states that if any person intending to
intercept or to acquaint himself with the contents of any message damages, removes, tampers
with or touches any battery, machinery, telegraph line, post or other thing whatever, being
part of or used in or about any telegraph or in the working thereof he shall be punished with
imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both.
“Telegraph” is defined in the Indian Telegraph Act in Section 3 to mean any appliance,
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instrument, material or apparatus used or capable of use for transmission or reception of signs,
signals, writing, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, visual or other
electric-magnetic emissions, radio waves or Hertzian waves, galvanic, electric or magnetic
means.
19. In the present case the High Court held that the telephone call put by Dr Motwani to
the appellant was tapped by the Police Officers, and, therefore, there was violation of Section
25 of the Indian Telegraph Act. But the High Court held that the tape recorded conversation
was admissible in evidence in spite of the violation of the Telegraph Act.
20. The Police Officer in the present case fixed the tape recording instrument to the
telephone instrument with the authority of Dr Motwani. The Police Officer could not be said
to intercept any message or damage or tamper or remove or touch any machinery within the
meaning of Section 25 of the Indian Telegraph Act. The reason is that the Police Officer
instead of hearing directly the oral conversation between Dr Motwani and the appellant
recorded the conversation with the device of the tape recorder. The substance of the offence
under Section 25 of the Indian Telegraph Act is damaging, removing, tampering, touching
machinery battery line or post for interception or acquainting oneself with the contents of any
message. Where a person talking on the telephone allows another person to record it or to
hear it, it cannot be said that the other person who is allowed to do so is damaging, removing,
tampering, touching machinery battery line or post for intercepting or acquainting himself
with the contents of any message. There was no element of coercion or compulsion in
attaching the tape recorder to the telephone. There was no violation of the Indian Telegraph
Act. The High Court is in error on that point.
21. This Court in Shri N. Sri Rama Ready, etc. v. Shri V. V. Giri [(1970) 2 SCC 340]
(Presidential Election case), Yusufalls Esmail Nagree v. The State of Maharashtra [AIR
1968 SC 147] and S. Pratap Singh v. The State oj Punjab [AIR 1964 SC 72] accepted
conversation or dialogue recorded on a tape recording machine as admissible evidence. In
Nagree case, the conversation was between Nagree and Sheikh. Nagree was accused of
offering bribe to Sheikh.
22. In the Presidential Election case, questions were put to a witness Jagat Narain that he
had tried to dissuade the petitioner from filing an election petition. The witness denied those
suggestions. The election petitioner had recorded on tape the conversation that had taken
place between the witness and the petitioner. Objection was taken to admissibility of tape
recorded conversation. The Court admitted the tape recorded conversation. In the Presidential
Election case, the denial of the witness was being controverted, challenged and confronted
with his earlier statement. Under Section 146 of the Evidence Act questions might be put to
the witness to test the veracity of the witness. Again under Section 153 of the Evidence Act a
witness might be contradicted when he denied any question tending to impeach his
impartiality. This is because the previous statement is furnished by the tape recorded
conversation. The tape itself becomes the primary and direct evidence of what has been said
and recorded.
23. Tape recorded conversation is admissible provided first the conversation is relevant to
the matters in issue; secondly, there is identification of the voice; and, thirdly, the accuracy of
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the tape recorded conversation is proved by eliminating the possibility of erasing the tape
record. A contemporaneous tape record of a relevant conversation is a relevant fact and is
admissible under Section 8 of the Evidence Act. It is res gestae. It is also comparable to a
photograph of a relevant incident. The tape recorded conversation is therefore a relevant fact
and is admissible under Section 7 of the Evidence Act. The conversation between Dr
Motwani and the appellant in the present case is relevant to the matter in issue. There is no
dispute about the identification of the voices. There is no controversy about any portion of the
conversation being erased or mutilated. The appellant was given full opportunity to test the
genuineness of the tape recorded conversation. The tape recorded conversation is admissible
in evidence.
24. It was said by counsel for the appellant that the tape recorded conversation was
obtained by illegal means. The illegality was said to be contravention of Section 25 of the
Indian Telegraph Act. There is no violation of Section 25 of the Telegraph Act in the facts
and circumstances of the present case. There is warrant for proposition that even if evidence is
illegally obtained it is admissible. Over a century ago it was said in an English case where a
constable searched the appellant illegally and found a quantity of offending article in his
pocket that it would be a dangerous obstacle to the administration of justice if it were held,
because evidence was obtained by illegal means, it could not be used against a party charged
with an offence. The Judicial Committee in Kwruma, Son of Kanju v. R. [1955 AC 197]
dealt with the conviction of an accused of being in unlawful possession of ammunition which
had been discovered in consequence of a search of his person by a police officer below the
rank of those who were permitted to make such searches. The Judicial Committee held that
the evidence was rightly admitted. The reason given was that if evidence was admissible it
matters not how it was obtained. There is of course always a word of caution. It is that the
Judge has a discretion to disallow evidence in a criminal case if the strict rules of
admissibllity would operate unfairly against the accused. That caution is the golden rule in
criminal jurisprudence.
25. This Court in Magraj Patodia v. R. K. Birta [AIR 1971 SC 1295] dealt with the
admissibility in evidence of two files containing numerous documents produced on behalf of
the election petitioner. Those files contained correspondence relating to the election of
respondent No. 1. The correspondence was between respondent No. 1 the elected candidate
and various other persons. The witness who produced the file said that respondent No. 1
handed over the file to him for safe custody. The candidate had apprehended raid at his
residence in connection with the evasion of taxes or duties. The version of the witness as to
how he came to know about the file was not believed by this Court. This Court said that a
document which was procured by improper or even by illegal means could not bar its
admissibility provided its relevance and genuineness were proved.
26. In Nagree case, the appellant offered bribe to Sheikh – a Municipal Clerk. Sheikh
informed the police. The police laid a trap. Sheikh called Nagree at the residence. The police
kept a tape recorder concealed in another room. The tape was kept in the custody of the police
inspector. Sheikh gave evidence of the talk. The tape record corroborated his testimony. Just
as a photograph taken without the knowledge of the person photographed can become
relevant and admissible so does a tape record of a conversation unnoticed by the talkers. The
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Court will take care in two directions in admitting such evidence. First, the Court will find out
that it is genuine and free from tampering or mutilation. Secondly, the Court may also secure
scrupulous conduct and behaviour on behalf of the police. The reason is that the police officer
is more likely to behave properly if improperly obtained evidence is liable to be viewed with
care and caution by the Judge. In every case the position of the accused, the nature of the
investigation and the gravity of the offence must be judged in the light of the material facts
and the surrounding circumstances.
27. The admissibility of evidence procured in consequence of illegal searches and other
unlawful acts was applied in a recent English decision in R. v. Maqsud Ali [(1963) 2 All ER
464]. In that case two persons suspected of murder went voluntarily with the police officers to
a room in which, unknown to them, there was a microphone connected with a tape-recorder in
another room. They were left alone in the room. They proceeded to have a conversation in
which incriminating remarks were made. The conversation was recorded on the tape. The
Court of Criminal Appeal held that the Trial Judge had correctly admitted the tape-recording
of the incriminating conversation in evidence. It was said “that the method of the informer
and of the eavesdropper is commonly used in the detection of crime. The only difference here
was that a mechanical device was the eavesdropper”. The Courts often say that detention by
deception is a form of police procedure to be directed and used sparingly and with
circumspection.
28. When a Court permits a tape recording to be played over it is acting on real evidence
if it treats the intonation of the words to be relevant and genuine. The fact that tape-recorded
conversation can be altered is also borne in mind by the Court while admitting it in evidence.
29. In the present case the recording of the conversation between Dr Motwani and the
appellant cannot be said to be illegal because Dr Motwani allowed the tape-recording
instrument to be attached to his instrument. In fact Dr Motwani permitted the police officers
to hear the conversation. If the conversation were relayed on a microphone or an amplifier
from the telephone and the police officers heard the same they would be able to give direct
evidence of what they heard. Here the police officers gave direct evidence of what they saw
and what they did and what they recorded as a result of voluntary permission granted by Dr
Motwani. The tape-recorded conversation is contemporaneous relevant evidence and
therefore it is admissible. It is not tainted by coercion or unfairness. There is no reason to
exclude this evidence.
30. It was said that the admissibility of the tape recorded evidence offended Articles 20(3)
and 21 of the Constitution. The submission was that the manner of acquiring the taperecorded conversation was not procedure established by law and the appellant was
incriminated. The appellant’s conversation was voluntary. There was no compulsion. The
attaching of the tape-recording instrument was unknown to the appellant. That fact does not
render the evidence of conversation inadmissible. The appellant’s conversation was not
extracted under duress or compulsion. If the conversation was recorded on the tape it was a
mechanical contrivance to play the role of an eavesdropper. In R. v. Leatham [(1861) 8 Cox
CC 498] it was said “it matters not how you get it if you steal it even, it would be admissible
in evidence” as long as it is not tainted by an inadmissible confession of guilt evidence even if
it is illegally obtained is admissible.
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31. There is no scope for holding that the appellant was made to incriminate himself. At the
time of the conversation there was no case against the appellant. He was not compelled to speak or
confess. Article 21 was invoked by submitting that the privacy of the appellant’s conversation was
invaded. Article 21 contemplates procedure established by law with regard to deprivation of life or
personal liberty. The telephonic conversation of an innocent citizen will be protected by Courts
against wrongful or highhanded interference by tapping the conversation. The protection is not for
the guilty citizen against the efforts of the police to vindicate the law and prevent corruption of
public servants. It must not be understood that the Courts will tolerate safeguards for the
protection of the citizen to be imperilled by permitting the police to proceed by unlawful or
irregular methods. In the present case there is no unlawful or even irregular method in obtaining
the tape-recording of the conversation.
32. The second contention on behalf of the appellant was that the entire tape-recorded
conversation is within the vice of Section 162 of the Criminal Procedure Code. In aid of that
contention the oral evidence of Mugwe, the Director of Intelligence Bureau, was relied on.
Mugwe said that it was under his advice and instruction that Dr Motwani started talking with the
appellant and Dr Adatia. Therefore, it was said that the tape-recording was in the course of
investigation. Sections 161 and 162 of the Criminal Procedure Code indicate that there is
investigation when the police officer orally examines a person. The telephonic conversation was
between Dr Motwani and the appellant each spoke to the other. Neither made a statement to the
police officer. There is no mischief of Section 162.
33. The third contention was that the appellant did not attempt an offence. The conversation
was said to show bargain. The evidence is that the patient died on May 13, 1964. Dr Motwani saw
the appellant on October 3, 1964. The appellant demanded Rs 20,000. The appellant asked for
payment of Rs 20,000 in order that Dr Adatia would avoid inconvenience and publicity in
newspapers in case inquest was held. Dr Motwani informed Dr Adatia about the conversation with
the appellant. On October 4, 1964, the appellant rang up Dr Motwani and said that he was willing
to reduce the amount to Rs 10,000. On October 5, 1964, Dr Adatia received calls from the
appellant asking him to attend the Coroner’s Court on October 6, 1964. Dr Adatia got in touch
with Dr Motwani on October 6, 1964and gave him that message. Dr Adatia rang up the appellant
on October 6 and asked for adjournment. The appellant granted the adjournment to October 7. On
October 6 there were two calls from the appellant asking Dr Adatia to attend the Coroner’s Court
on October 7 and also that Dr Adatia should contact the appellant on October 6. Dr Motwani rang
up the appellant and told him that the telephonic conversation had upset Dr Adatia. On October 6,
Dr Motwani conveyed to Mugwe, Director of Intelligence Bureau about the demand of bribe to
the appellant. These are the facts found by the Court. These facts prove that the offence was
committed.
34. The last contention on behalf of the appellant was that the sentence of imprisonment
should be set aside in view of the fact that the appellant paid the fine of Rs 10,000. In some cases
the Courts have allowed the sentence undergone to be the sentence. That depends upon the fact as
to what the term of the sentence is and what the period of sentence undergone is. In the present
case, it cannot be said that the appellant had undergone any period of sentence. If it is said that the
appellant had heart attacks and therefore the Court should take a lenient view about the sentence
the gravity of the offence and the position held by the appellant at the relevant time do not merit
such consideration.
